![anemona actinia anemona actinia](https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/sea-anemone-actinia-isolated-close-up-view-beautiful-sea-anemone-actinia-isolated-close-up-view-148495658.jpg)
These nematocysts contain a complex cocktail of toxins that is used to envenomate predatory and prey species upon discharge. These stinging cells are equipped with organelles known as nematocysts (cnidae), which contain small threads that are forcefully everted when stimulated mechanically or chemically.
![anemona actinia anemona actinia](https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/c0456911/800wm/C0456911-Actinia_sea_anemone.jpg)
Sea anemones, in common with other members of the phylum Cnidaria, possess numerous specialized stinging cells (cnidocytes) that are widely distributed throughout the body. semoni has caused acute renal failure in humans, with a protein toxin (PsTX-115) from this venom causing severe kidney damage in rat models. semoni is responsible for one of the few fatalities to result from sea anemone envenomation. Sea anemones from the family Aliciideae are known to be particularly dangerous to humans, with severe reactions observed following contact with both Triactis producta and P. For example, a swimmer lost consciousness and underwent cardiopulmonary arrest after being stung by the sea anemone, Actinia equina, although this may have been a consequence of an anaphylactic reaction following prior exposure to unknown sea anemones.
![anemona actinia anemona actinia](https://www.vivelanaturaleza.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/tomate-de-mar-actinia-roja-equina-1-1024x683.jpg)
#ANEMONA ACTINIA SKIN#
While most injuries caused by sea anemones are associated with skin rashes and oedema, more extreme reactions have been reported for several species, including Actinodendron plumosum and other species from the family Actinodendronidae (species from this family are collectively known as the hell’s fire anemones), Telmatactis species, Phyllodiscus semoni (night or wasp anemone), Actinia equina (beadlet anemone) and Anemonia sulcata (the snakelocks anemone, synonomy Anemonia viridis). Many of these toxins will be useful pharmacological tools and some will hopefully prove to be valuable therapeutic leads. Recent developments in multiple ‘omic’ technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, coupled with advanced bioinformatics, have opened the way for large-scale discovery of novel sea anemone toxins from a range of species. One of the impediments to the exploitation of sea anemone toxins in the pharmaceutical industry has been the difficulty associated with their high-throughput discovery and isolation. An analogue of this peptide, ShK-186, which is now known as dalazatide, has successfully completed Phase 1 clinical trials and is about to enter Phase 2 trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. This is surprising given the success of some anemone peptides that have been tested, such as the potassium channel blocker from Stichodactyla helianthus known as ShK. Sea anemones have been understudied as a source of peptide and protein toxins, with relatively few examined as a source of new pharmacological tools or therapeutic leads.